Part 4. Structural Design

4.1.

Structural Loads and Procedures

4.1.1.

General

4.1.1.1.

Scope

4.1.1.2.

Definitions

4.1.1.3.

Design Requirements

4.1.1.4.

Reserved

4.1.1.5.

Design Basis

4.1.2.

Specified Loads and Effects

4.1.2.1.

Loads and Effects

4.1.2.2.

Loads Not Listed

4.1.3.

Limit States Design

(See Note A-4.1.3.)

4.1.3.1.

Definitions

4.1.3.2.

Strength and Stability

4.1.3.3.

Fatigue

4.1.3.4.

Serviceability

4.1.3.5.

Deflection

4.1.3.6.

Vibration

4.1.4.

Dead Loads

4.1.4.1.

Dead Loads

4.1.5.

Live Loads Due to Use and Occupancy

4.1.5.1.

Loads Due to Use of Floors and Roofs

4.1.5.2.

Uses Not Stipulated

4.1.5.3.

Full and Partial Loading

4.1.5.4.

Loads for Occupancy Served

4.1.5.5.

Loads on Exterior Areas

4.1.5.6.

Loads for Dining Areas

4.1.5.7.

More Than One Occupancy

4.1.5.8.

Variation With Tributary Area

4.1.5.9.

Concentrated Loads

4.1.5.10.

Sway Forces in Assembly Occupancies

4.1.5.11.

Crane-Supporting Structures and Impact of Machinery and Equipment

4.1.5.12.

Bleachers

4.1.5.13.

Helicopter Landing Areas

4.1.5.14.

Loads on Guards and Handrails

4.1.5.15.

Loads on Vehicle Guardrails

4.1.5.16.

Loads on Walls Acting As Guards

4.1.5.17.

Firewalls

4.1.6.

Loads Due to Snow and Rain

4.1.6.1.

Specified Load Due to Rain or to Snow and Associated Rain

4.1.6.2.

Specified Snow Load

4.1.6.3.

Full and Partial Loading

4.1.6.4.

Specified Rain Load

4.1.6.5.

Multi-Level Roofs

4.1.6.6.

Horizontal Gap Between a Roof and a Higher Roof

4.1.6.7.

Areas Adjacent to Roof Projections

4.1.6.8.

Snow Drift at Corners

4.1.6.9.

Gable Roofs

4.1.6.10.

Arch Roofs, Curved Roofs and Domes

4.1.6.11.

Snow Loads Due to Sliding

4.1.6.12.

Valleys in Curved or Sloped Roofs

4.1.6.13.

Specific Weight of Snow

4.1.6.14.

Snow Removal

4.1.6.15.

Ice Loading of Structures

4.1.6.16.

Roofs with Solar Panels

4.1.7.

Wind Load

4.1.7.1.

Specified Wind Load

4.1.7.2.

Classification of Buildings

4.1.7.3.

Static Procedure

4.1.7.4.

Topographic Factor

4.1.7.5.

External Pressure Coefficients

4.1.7.6.

External Pressure Coefficients for Low Buildings

4.1.7.7.

Internal Pressure Coefficient

4.1.7.8.

Dynamic Procedure

4.1.7.9.

Full and Partial Wind Loading

4.1.7.10.

Interior Walls and Partitions

4.1.7.11.

Exterior Ornamentations, Equipment and Appendages

4.1.7.12.

Attached Canopies on Low Buildings with a Height H ≤ 20 m

4.1.7.13.

Roof-Mounted Solar Panels on Buildings of Any Height

4.1.7.14.

Wind Tunnel Procedure

4.1.8.

Earthquake Load and Effects

4.1.8.1.

Analysis

4.1.8.2.

Notation

4.1.8.3.

General Requirements

4.1.8.4.

Site Properties

4.1.8.5.

Importance Factor and Seismic Category

4.1.8.6.

Structural Configuration

4.1.8.7.

Methods of Analysis

4.1.8.8.

Direction of Loading

4.1.8.9.

Force Reduction Factors, System Overstrength Factors, and General Restrictions

4.1.8.10.

Additional System Restrictions

4.1.8.11.

Equivalent Static Force Procedure for Structures Satisfying the Conditions of Article 4.1.8.7.

4.1.8.12.

Dynamic Analysis Procedure

4.1.8.13.

Deflections and Drift Limits

4.1.8.14.

Structural Separation

4.1.8.15.

Design Provisions

4.1.8.16.

Foundation Provisions

4.1.8.17.

Site Stability

4.1.8.18.

Elements of Structures, Non-Structural Components and Equipment

4.1.8.19.

Seismic Isolation

4.1.8.20.

Seismic Isolation Design Provisions

4.1.8.21.

Supplemental Energy Dissipation

4.1.8.22.

Supplemental Energy Dissipation Design Considerations

4.1.8.23.

Additional Performance Requirements for Post-disaster Buildings, High Importance Category Buildings, and a Subset of Normal Importance Category Buildings

4.2.

Foundations

4.2.1.

General

4.2.1.1.

Application

4.2.2.

Subsurface Investigations, Drawings and Reviews

4.2.2.1.

Subsurface Investigation

4.2.2.2.

Reserved

4.2.2.3.

Field Review

4.2.2.4.

Altered Subsurface Condition

4.2.3.

Materials Used in Foundations

4.2.3.1.

Wood

4.2.3.2.

Preservation Treatment of Wood

4.2.3.3.

Plain and Reinforced Masonry

4.2.3.4.

Prevention of Deterioration of Masonry

4.2.3.5.

Concrete

4.2.3.6.

Protection Against Chemical Attack

4.2.3.7.

Steel

4.2.3.8.

Steel Piles

4.2.3.9.

High Strength Steel Tendons

4.2.3.10.

Corrosion of Steel

4.2.4.

Design Requirements

4.2.4.1.

Design Basis

4.2.4.2.

Subsurface Investigation

4.2.4.3.

Identification

4.2.4.4.

Depth of Foundations

4.2.4.5.

Sloping Ground

4.2.4.6.

Eccentric and Inclined Loads

4.2.4.7.

Dynamic Loading

4.2.4.8.

Hydrostatic Uplift

4.2.4.9.

Groundwater Level Change

4.2.4.10.

Permafrost

4.2.4.11.

Swelling and Shrinking Soils

4.2.4.12.

Expanding and Deteriorating Rock

4.2.4.13.

Construction on Fill

4.2.4.14.

Structural Design

4.2.5.

Excavations

4.2.5.1.

Design of Excavations

4.2.5.2.

Excavation Construction

4.2.5.3.

Supported Excavations

4.2.5.4.

Unsupported Excavations

4.2.5.5.

Control of Water Around Excavations

4.2.5.6.

Loss of Ground

4.2.5.7.

Protection and Maintenance at Excavations

4.2.5.8.

Backfilling

4.2.6.

Shallow Foundations

4.2.6.1.

Design of Shallow Foundations

4.2.6.2.

Support of Shallow Foundations

4.2.6.3.

Incorrect Placement of Shallow Foundations

4.2.6.4.

Damaged Shallow Foundations

4.2.7.

Deep Foundations

4.2.7.1.

General

4.2.7.2.

Design for Deep Foundations

4.2.7.3.

Tolerance in Alignment and Location

4.2.7.4.

Incorrect Alignment and Location

4.2.7.5.

Installation of Deep Foundations

4.2.7.6.

Damaged Deep Foundation Units

4.2.8.

Special Foundations

4.2.8.1.

General

4.2.8.2.

Use of Existing Foundations

4.3.

Design Requirements for Structural Materials

4.3.1.

Wood

4.3.1.1.

Design Basis for Wood

4.3.1.2.

Glue-Laminated Members

4.3.1.3.

Termites

4.3.2.

Plain and Reinforced Masonry

4.3.2.1.

Design Basis for Plain and Reinforced Masonry

4.3.3.

Plain, Reinforced and Pre-stressed Concrete

4.3.3.1.

Design Basis for Plain, Reinforced and Pre-stressed Concrete

4.3.4.

Steel

4.3.4.1.

Design Basis for Structural Steel

4.3.4.2.

Design Basis for Cold-Formed Steel

4.3.4.3.

Steel Building Systems

4.3.5.

Aluminum

4.3.5.1.

Design Basis for Aluminum

4.3.6.

Glass

4.3.6.1.

Design Basis for Glass

4.4.

Design Requirements for Special Structures

4.4.1.

Air-, Cable- and Frame-Supported Membrane Structures

4.4.1.1.

Design Basis for Air-, Cable- and Frame-Supported Membrane Structures

4.4.2.

Parking Structures

4.4.2.1.

Design Basis for Storage Garages and Repair Garages

4.4.3.

Storage Racks

4.4.3.1.

Design Basis for Storage Racks

4.4.4.

Guards Over Retaining Walls

4.4.4.1.

Guards Over Retaining Walls

4.4.5.

Anchor Systems on Building Exterior

4.4.5.1.

Anchor Systems on Building Exterior